dchain/blockchain/native_username.go

// Package blockchain — native username registry.
//
// Deterministic, in-process replacement for the WASM username_registry
// contract. Every node runs exactly the same Go code against the same
// BadgerDB txn, so state transitions are byte-identical across the network.
//
// Why native instead of WASM:
//   - A single register() call via wazero takes ~10 ms; native takes ~50 µs.
//   - No gas-metering edge cases (an opcode loop the listener misses would
//     otherwise wedge AddBlock — which is how we wound up here).
//   - We own the API surface — upgrades don't require re-deploying WASM
//     and renegotiating the well-known contract_id.
//
// State layout (all keys prefixed with cstate:<ID>: by NativeContext helpers):
//
//	name:<name>         → owner pubkey (raw hex bytes, 64 chars)
//	addr:<owner_pub>    → name (raw UTF-8 bytes)
//	meta:version        → ABI version string (debug only)
//
// Methods:
//
//	register(name)                — claim a name; caller becomes owner
//	resolve(name)                 — read-only, returns owner via log
//	lookup(pub)                   — read-only, returns name via log
//	transfer(name, new_owner_pub) — current owner transfers
//	release(name)                 — current owner releases
//
// The same ABI JSON the WASM build exposes is reported here so the
// well-known endpoint + explorer work without modification.
package blockchain

import (
	"encoding/json"
	"fmt"
	"strings"
)

// UsernameRegistryID is the deterministic on-chain ID for the native
// username registry. We pin it to a readable short string instead of a
// hash because there is only ever one registry per chain, and a stable
// well-known ID makes debug URLs easier (/api/contracts/username_registry).
const UsernameRegistryID = "native:username_registry"

// MinUsernameLength caps how short a name can be. Shorter names would be
// cheaper to register and quicker to grab, incentivising squatters. 4 is
// the sweet spot: long enough to avoid 2-char grabs, short enough to allow
// "alice" / "bob1" / common initials.
const MinUsernameLength = 4

// MaxUsernameLength is the upper bound. Anything longer is wasteful.
const MaxUsernameLength = 32

// UsernameRegistrationFee is a flat fee per register() call, in µT. Paid
// by the caller and burned (reduces total supply) — simpler than routing
// to a treasury account and avoids the "contract treasury" concept for
// the first native contract.
//
// 10_000 µT (0.01 T) is low enough for genuine users and high enough
// that a griefer can't squat thousands of names for nothing.
const UsernameRegistrationFee = 10_000

// usernameABI is returned by ABI(). Fields mirror the WASM registry's ABI
// JSON so the well-known endpoint / explorer discover it the same way.
const usernameABI = `{
  "contract": "username_registry",
  "version": "2.1.0-native",
  "description": "Maps human-readable usernames (min 4 chars, lowercase a-z 0-9 _ -, must start with a letter) to wallet addresses. register requires tx.amount = 10 000 µT which is burned.",
  "methods": [
    {"name":"register","description":"Claim a username. Send tx.amount=10000 as the registration fee (burned). Caller becomes owner.","args":[{"name":"name","type":"string"}],"payable":10000},
    {"name":"resolve","description":"Look up owner address by name. Free (tx.amount=0).","args":[{"name":"name","type":"string"}]},
    {"name":"lookup","description":"Look up name by owner address. Free.","args":[{"name":"address","type":"string"}]},
    {"name":"transfer","description":"Transfer ownership to a new address. Free; only current owner may call.","args":[{"name":"name","type":"string"},{"name":"new_owner","type":"string"}]},
    {"name":"release","description":"Release a registered name. Free; only current owner may call.","args":[{"name":"name","type":"string"}]}
  ]
}`

// UsernameRegistry is the native implementation of the registry contract.
// Stateless — all state lives in the chain's BadgerDB txn passed via
// NativeContext on each call.
type UsernameRegistry struct{}

// NewUsernameRegistry returns a contract ready to register with the chain.
func NewUsernameRegistry() *UsernameRegistry { return &UsernameRegistry{} }

// Compile-time check that we satisfy the interface.
var _ NativeContract = (*UsernameRegistry)(nil)

// ID implements NativeContract.
func (UsernameRegistry) ID() string { return UsernameRegistryID }

// ABI implements NativeContract.
func (UsernameRegistry) ABI() string { return usernameABI }

// Call implements NativeContract — dispatches to the per-method handlers.
// Gas cost is a flat 1_000 units per call (native is cheap, but we charge
// something so the fee mechanics match the WASM path).
func (r UsernameRegistry) Call(ctx *NativeContext, method string, argsJSON []byte) (uint64, error) {
	const gasCost uint64 = 1_000

	args, err := parseArgs(argsJSON)
	if err != nil {
		return gasCost, fmt.Errorf("%w: bad args: %v", ErrTxFailed, err)
	}

	switch method {
	case "register":
		return gasCost, r.register(ctx, args)
	case "resolve":
		return gasCost, r.resolve(ctx, args)
	case "lookup":
		return gasCost, r.lookup(ctx, args)
	case "transfer":
		return gasCost, r.transfer(ctx, args)
	case "release":
		return gasCost, r.release(ctx, args)
	default:
		return gasCost, fmt.Errorf("%w: unknown method %q", ErrTxFailed, method)
	}
}

// ─── Method handlers ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

// register claims a name for ctx.Caller. Preconditions:
//   - name validates (length, charset, not reserved)
//   - name is not already taken
//   - caller has no existing registration (one-per-address rule)
//   - tx.Amount (ctx.TxAmount) must be exactly UsernameRegistrationFee;
//     that payment is debited from the caller and burned
//
// Pay-via-tx.Amount (instead of an invisible debit inside the contract)
// makes the cost explicit: the registration fee shows up as `amount_ut`
// in the transaction envelope and in the explorer, so callers know
// exactly what they paid. See the module-level doc for the full rationale.
//
// On success:
//   - debit ctx.TxAmount from caller (burn — no recipient)
//   - write name → caller pubkey mapping  (key "name:<name>")
//   - write caller → name mapping         (key "addr:<caller>")
//   - emit `registered: <name>` log
func (UsernameRegistry) register(ctx *NativeContext, args []json.RawMessage) error {
	name, err := argString(args, 0, "name")
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if err := validateName(name); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// Payment check — must be EXACTLY the registration fee. Under-payment
	// is rejected (obvious); over-payment is also rejected to avoid
	// accidental overpayment from a buggy client, and to keep the fee
	// structure simple. A future `transfer` method may introduce other
	// pricing.
	if ctx.TxAmount != UsernameRegistrationFee {
		return fmt.Errorf("%w: register requires tx.amount = %d µT (got %d µT)",
			ErrTxFailed, UsernameRegistrationFee, ctx.TxAmount)
	}

	// Already taken?
	existing, err := ctx.Get("name:" + name)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if existing != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("%w: name %q already registered", ErrTxFailed, name)
	}

	// Caller already has a name?
	ownerKey := "addr:" + ctx.Caller
	prior, err := ctx.Get(ownerKey)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if prior != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("%w: address already owns %q; release it first", ErrTxFailed, string(prior))
	}

	// Collect the registration fee (burn — no recipient).
	if err := ctx.Debit(ctx.Caller, ctx.TxAmount); err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("payment debit: %w", err)
	}

	// Persist both directions.
	if err := ctx.Set("name:"+name, []byte(ctx.Caller)); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if err := ctx.Set(ownerKey, []byte(name)); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	return ctx.Log("registered: " + name + " → " + ctx.Caller)
}

func (UsernameRegistry) resolve(ctx *NativeContext, args []json.RawMessage) error {
	name, err := argString(args, 0, "name")
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	val, err := ctx.Get("name:" + name)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if val == nil {
		return ctx.Log("not found: " + name)
	}
	return ctx.Log("owner: " + string(val))
}

func (UsernameRegistry) lookup(ctx *NativeContext, args []json.RawMessage) error {
	addr, err := argString(args, 0, "address")
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	val, err := ctx.Get("addr:" + addr)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if val == nil {
		return ctx.Log("no name: " + addr)
	}
	return ctx.Log("name: " + string(val))
}

func (UsernameRegistry) transfer(ctx *NativeContext, args []json.RawMessage) error {
	name, err := argString(args, 0, "name")
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	newOwner, err := argString(args, 1, "new_owner")
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if err := validatePubKey(newOwner); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	cur, err := ctx.Get("name:" + name)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if cur == nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("%w: name %q not registered", ErrTxFailed, name)
	}
	if string(cur) != ctx.Caller {
		return fmt.Errorf("%w: only current owner can transfer", ErrTxFailed)
	}
	// New owner must not already have a name.
	if existing, err := ctx.Get("addr:" + newOwner); err != nil {
		return err
	} else if existing != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("%w: new owner already owns %q", ErrTxFailed, string(existing))
	}

	// Update both directions.
	if err := ctx.Set("name:"+name, []byte(newOwner)); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if err := ctx.Delete("addr:" + ctx.Caller); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if err := ctx.Set("addr:"+newOwner, []byte(name)); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	return ctx.Log("transferred: " + name + " → " + newOwner)
}

func (UsernameRegistry) release(ctx *NativeContext, args []json.RawMessage) error {
	name, err := argString(args, 0, "name")
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	cur, err := ctx.Get("name:" + name)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if cur == nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("%w: name %q not registered", ErrTxFailed, name)
	}
	if string(cur) != ctx.Caller {
		return fmt.Errorf("%w: only current owner can release", ErrTxFailed)
	}

	if err := ctx.Delete("name:" + name); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if err := ctx.Delete("addr:" + ctx.Caller); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	return ctx.Log("released: " + name)
}

// ─── Validation helpers ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────

// validateName enforces our naming rules. Policies that appear here must
// match the client-side preview in settings.tsx: lowercase alphanumeric
// plus underscore/hyphen, length 4-32, cannot start with a digit or hyphen.
func validateName(name string) error {
	if len(name) < MinUsernameLength {
		return fmt.Errorf("%w: name too short: min %d chars", ErrTxFailed, MinUsernameLength)
	}
	if len(name) > MaxUsernameLength {
		return fmt.Errorf("%w: name too long: max %d chars", ErrTxFailed, MaxUsernameLength)
	}
	// First char must be a-z (avoid leading digits, hyphens, underscores).
	first := name[0]
	if !(first >= 'a' && first <= 'z') {
		return fmt.Errorf("%w: name must start with a letter a-z", ErrTxFailed)
	}
	for i := 0; i < len(name); i++ {
		c := name[i]
		switch {
		case c >= 'a' && c <= 'z':
		case c >= '0' && c <= '9':
		case c == '_' || c == '-':
		default:
			return fmt.Errorf("%w: invalid character %q (lowercase letters, digits, _ and - only)", ErrTxFailed, c)
		}
	}
	// Reserved names — clients that show system labels shouldn't be spoofable.
	reserved := []string{"system", "admin", "root", "dchain", "null", "none"}
	for _, r := range reserved {
		if name == r {
			return fmt.Errorf("%w: %q is reserved", ErrTxFailed, name)
		}
	}
	return nil
}

// validatePubKey accepts a 64-char lowercase hex string (Ed25519 pubkey).
func validatePubKey(s string) error {
	if len(s) != 64 {
		return fmt.Errorf("%w: pubkey must be 64 hex chars", ErrTxFailed)
	}
	for i := 0; i < len(s); i++ {
		c := s[i]
		switch {
		case c >= '0' && c <= '9':
		case c >= 'a' && c <= 'f':
		default:
			return fmt.Errorf("%w: pubkey has non-hex character", ErrTxFailed)
		}
	}
	return nil
}

// parseArgs turns the CallContractPayload.ArgsJSON string into a slice of
// raw JSON messages. Empty/whitespace-only input parses to an empty slice.
func parseArgs(argsJSON []byte) ([]json.RawMessage, error) {
	if len(argsJSON) == 0 || strings.TrimSpace(string(argsJSON)) == "" {
		return nil, nil
	}
	var out []json.RawMessage
	if err := json.Unmarshal(argsJSON, &out); err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	return out, nil
}

// argString reads args[idx] as a JSON string and returns its value.
func argString(args []json.RawMessage, idx int, name string) (string, error) {
	if idx >= len(args) {
		return "", fmt.Errorf("%w: missing argument %q (index %d)", ErrTxFailed, name, idx)
	}
	var s string
	if err := json.Unmarshal(args[idx], &s); err != nil {
		return "", fmt.Errorf("%w: argument %q must be a string", ErrTxFailed, name)
	}
	return strings.TrimSpace(s), nil
}